Akira Endo (biochemist)

is a Japanese biochemist whose research into the relationship between fungi and cholesterol biosynthesis led to the development of statin drugs, which are some of the best-selling pharmaceuticals in history.

He received the Japan Prize in 2006,The Science and Technology Foundation of Japan
Japan Prize official release
, accessed 21 June 2006 the Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award in 2008,Lasker~DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award, 2008: Akira Endo
/ref> the Canada Gairdner International Award in 2017.

Early life and education

Endo was born on a farm in Northern Japan and had an interest in fungi already at a young age, being an admirer of Alexander Fleming. He obtained a BA at Tohoku University (Faculty of Agriculture) in Sendai in 1957 and a PhD in biochemistry at the same university in 1966.

Career

From 1957 to 1978 he worked as a research fellow at chemical company Sankyo Co.; initially he worked on fungal enzymes for processing fruit juice. Successful discoveries in this field gained him the credit to move to New York City in 1966, and spend two years at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine as a research associate working on cholesterol.

His most important work in the 1970s was on fungal extrolites and their influence on cholesterol synthesis. He hypothesised that fungi used chemicals to ward off parasitic organisms by inhibiting cholesterol synthesis. The cell membranes of fungi contain ergosterol in place of cholesterol, allowing them to produce compounds that inhibit cholesterol. In 1971 he found a culture broth with citrinin had potent inhibitory activity against HMG-CoA reductase and lowered serum cholesterol levels in rats, but research was suspended because of renal toxicity.

Endo studied 6,000 compounds, of which three extrolites from ''Penicillium citrinum '' mold isolated from a rice sample collected at a grain shop in Kyoto showed an effect. Findings from clinical studies were only reported in 1980.

One of them, mevastatin, was the first member of the statin class of drugs. Soon after, lovastatin, the first commercial statin, was found in the ''Aspergillus'' mold. Although mevastatin never became an approved drug, the mevastatin derivative pravastatin did.

In the late 70s Endo moved back to Tokyo and was an associate professor and later a full professor (1986-) at the Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology between 1979 and 1997. After his official retirement he became the president of Biopharm Research Laboratories.

Recognition

He was awarded several other prizes during his career:
* Young Investigator Award in agricultural chemistry (Japan), 1966
* Heinrich Wieland Prize for the discovery of the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (West Germany), 1987
* Toray Science and Technology Prize (Japan), 1988
* Warren Alpert Foundation Prize ( Harvard Medical School, U.S.A), 2000
* Massry Prize from the Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California in 2006
* Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award, 2008
* Inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame, Alexandria, VA 2012
* Gairdner Foundation International Award, 2017

Apart from the recognition, Endo never derived financial benefit from his discovery, despite the fact that statins are amongst the most widely prescribed medications. "The millions of people whose lives will be extended through statin therapy owe it all to Akira Endo," according to Michael S. Brown and Joseph Goldstein, who won the Nobel Prize for related work on cholesterol.

See also

* ''Aspergillus oryzae''
* Medicinal molds
* '' Monascus purpureus''

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Endo, Akira
Japanese biologists
Japanese microbiologists
Japanese biochemists
1933 births
Living people
People from Akita Prefecture
Tohoku University alumni
Tohoku University faculty
Hitotsubashi University faculty
Waseda University faculty
Kanazawa University faculty
Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology faculty
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Massry Prize recipients
Recipients of the Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award
Daiichi Sankyo people